Four principles of cognitive development >>>











The four principles of cognitive development, often discussed in the context of Jean Piaget's theory, include: 

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years): 

 Characteristics: In this stage, infants learn about the world through their senses and actions. They develop object permanence, realizing that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard.
Developmental Milestones: Sucking, grasping, looking, and listening; developing schemas; beginning of goal-directed actions.

Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years):

Characteristics: Children begin to use language to explore and understand their worlds. They are egocentric, meaning they have difficulty seeing things from perspectives other than their own.
Developmental Milestones: Symbolic thinking, use of proper syntax and grammar, imagination and intuition strong, but complex abstract thought still difficult.


Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 years):

Characteristics: Children start to think logically about concrete events. They gain a better understanding of the concept of conservation (the idea that quantity doesn't change even when its shape does).
Developmental Milestones: Logical thinking, understanding of the concepts of conservation, reversibility, and cause-and-effect relationships, ability to classify objects and understand seriation (ordering objects in a series).

Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up):

Characteristics: Adolescents begin to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems. They develop the ability to systematically plan for the future and solve problems logically.
Developmental Milestones: Abstract and deductive reasoning, ability to formulate and test hypotheses, understanding of abstract concepts like justice and freedom.

These stages describe the progression of children's thinking from simple to complex, providing a framework for understanding how their cognitive abilities develop over time.


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